Sensitive use VMs Setup (Whonix VMs in a Veracrypt Hidden Volume)

Preparing the Host OS: Live Mode and the Reboot Shortcut

As we have showcased previously, we have a reboot.sh bashscript on the Host OS, that is hooked up to the Right Ctrl key to make sure we can quickly shutdown the computer in case if an adversary were to bust down our door. So we're going to make use of it:


[user ~]% cat reboot.sh
#!/bin/bash

/usr/bin/sudo /usr/sbin/reboot now

[user ~]%  xfconf-query -c xfce4-keyboard-shortcuts -n -t 'string' -p '/commands/custom/Control_R' -s /home/user/reboot.sh

Definitely make sure that it works and that it keeps working by pressing the right ctrl key at least once in a while, because you definitely don't want this to fail you when there's going to be an actual emergency.

I also recommend making a simple shortcut to trigger the script.sh bashscript to avoid having to open up a terminal and run it every time you want to open up the sensitive VMs after booting in live mode:


[user ~]% xfconf-query -c xfce4-keyboard-shortcuts -n -t 'string' -p '/commands/custom/s' -s /run/media/private/user/sda/script.sh

In this example, i set the Super+S shortcut to run script.sh more easily.

And lastly, (since running right ctrl while focused inside of a VM doesnt trigger the shortcut on the Host OS), we make sure that we can focus out of the QEMU VMs easily by making sure that pressing the Right ALT focuses out of the VMs:


[user ~]% gsettings set org.virt-manager.virt-manager.console grab-keys '65514'

In conclusion: The correct key combination to reboot the computer is first Right Alt to focus out of the QEMU VM, and then Right CTRL to trigger the reboot script.

So Now that's done, let's reboot the Host OS to go back in live mode before we start to create the veracrypt volume.

Installing the Whonix VMs inside the Hidden Volume

First we unlock the Veracrypt Hidden volume:

As you can see the mount point path is in /run/media/private/user/sda, that's where we're going to store the whonix VMs. So let's download the latest whonix VMs from here:

once downloaded directly into the hidden volume, unpack it (the archive may only be 3Gb big but once inflated it will weigh 200Gb in total.)


[user ~]% cd /run/media/private/user/sda

[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% ls -l   
total 549M
drwx------ 2 root root  16K  1 sept.  2024 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 user user 4,0K  2 avril 11:45 old
-rw-r--r-- 1 user user    0  2 avril 11:47 Whonix-Xfce-17.2.8.5.Intel_AMD64.qcow2.libvirt.xz

[user /run/media/private/user/sda]%  tar -xvf Whonix*.libvirt.xz 
WHONIX_BINARY_LICENSE_AGREEMENT
WHONIX_DISCLAIMER
Whonix-Gateway-Xfce-17.2.8.5.xml
Whonix-Workstation-Xfce-17.2.8.5.xml
Whonix_external_network-17.2.8.5.xml
Whonix_internal_network-17.2.8.5.xml
Whonix-Gateway-Xfce-17.2.8.5.Intel_AMD64.qcow2
Whonix-Workstation-Xfce-17.2.8.5.Intel_AMD64.qcow2

[user /run/media/private/user/sda]%  touch WHONIX_BINARY_LICENSE_AGREEMENT_accepted

Here to make it easier to handle, i recommend to first edit the file names to remove the version and the the window manager name:


[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% mv Whonix-Gateway-Xfce-17.2.8.5.xml				Whonix-Gateway.xml
[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% mv Whonix-Workstation-Xfce-17.2.8.5.xml			Whonix-Workstation.xml 
[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% mv Whonix_external_network-17.2.8.5.xml			Whonix-External.xml
[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% mv Whonix_internal_network-17.2.8.5.xml			Whonix-Internal.xml
[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% mv Whonix-Gateway-Xfce-17.2.8.5.Intel_AMD64.qcow2		Whonix-Gateway.qcow2
[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% mv Whonix-Workstation-Xfce-17.2.8.5.Intel_AMD64.qcow2	Whonix-Workstation.qcow2

Then we're going to need to edit the Whonix-Gateway.xml and Whonix-Workstation.xml to match the system path, have the correct resources, and use the correct qcow2 image filenames:

So here we first make sure that the whonix gateway has 1GB memory, and that it has the correct source file path (to the .qcow2 vm image):


[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% vim Whonix-Gateway.xml 
[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% cat Whonix-Gateway.xml 

[...]

  <memory dumpCore="off" unit="GiB">1</memory>
  <currentMemory unit="GiB">1</currentMemory>

[...]

  <disk type="file" device="disk">
      <driver name="qemu" type="qcow2"/>
      <source file="/run/media/private/user/sda/Whonix-Gateway.qcow2"/>
      <target dev="vda" bus="virtio"/>
      <address type="pci" domain="0x0000" bus="0x00" slot="0x06" function="0x0"/>
    </disk>

[...]

So here we do the same for the whonix workstation to give it 8GB of memory, with 4vcpus, and we also make sure that it has the correct source file path (to the .qcow2 vm image):


[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% vim Whonix-Workstation.xml 
[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% cat Whonix-Workstation.xml 

[...]

  <memory dumpCore="off" unit="GiB">8</memory>
  <currentMemory unit="GiB">8</currentMemory>

[...]

 <vcpu placement="static" cpuset="1">4</vcpu>

[...]

  <disk type="file" device="disk">
      <driver name="qemu" type="qcow2"/>
      <source file="/run/media/private/user/sda/Whonix-Gateway.qcow2"/>
      <target dev="vda" bus="virtio"/>
      <address type="pci" domain="0x0000" bus="0x00" slot="0x06" function="0x0"/>
    </disk>

[...]

Now that the XML files are correctly setup, we can write script.sh to make sure they are quickly setup if not already, and quickly removed if they are:


[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% cat script.sh             
#!/bin/bash

if [ $(virsh -c qemu:///system list --all | grep Whonix | wc -l) -ne 0 ];
then

	# if the VMs are imported, remove them:

	virsh -c qemu:///system destroy Whonix-Gateway
	virsh -c qemu:///system destroy Whonix-Workstation
	virsh -c qemu:///system undefine Whonix-Gateway
	virsh -c qemu:///system undefine Whonix-Workstation
	virsh -c qemu:///system net-destroy Whonix-External
	virsh -c qemu:///system net-destroy Whonix-Internal
	virsh -c qemu:///system net-undefine Whonix-External
	virsh -c qemu:///system net-undefine Whonix-Internal
else


	# if the VMs are not imported, import them:

	virsh -c qemu:///system net-define /run/media/private/user/sda/Whonix-External.xml
	virsh -c qemu:///system net-define /run/media/private/user/sda/Whonix-Internal.xml
	virsh -c qemu:///system net-autostart Whonix-External
	virsh -c qemu:///system net-start Whonix-External
	virsh -c qemu:///system net-autostart Whonix-Internal
	virsh -c qemu:///system net-start Whonix-Internal
	virsh -c qemu:///system define /run/media/private/user/sda/Whonix-Gateway.xml
	virsh -c qemu:///system define /run/media/private/user/sda/Whonix-Workstation.xml
	# then exit because we dont want to run the rest of wipe.sh
	exit $? 
fi

Then we make the script executable and run it to setup the whonix VMs:


[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% chmod +x ./script.sh

[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% ./script.sh 
Network Whonix-External defined from /run/media/private/user/sda/Whonix-External.xml

Network Whonix-Internal defined from /run/media/private/user/sda/Whonix-Internal.xml

Network Whonix-External marked as autostarted

Network Whonix-External started

Network Whonix-Internal marked as autostarted

Network Whonix-Internal started

Domain 'Whonix-Gateway' defined from /run/media/private/user/sda/Whonix-Gateway.xml

Domain 'Whonix-Workstation' defined from /run/media/private/user/sda/Whonix-Workstation.xml

As you can see it successfully mounted the whonix VMs:

And then if you run it again you'll see that it removes the VMs:


[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% ./script.sh  
error: Failed to destroy domain 'Whonix-Gateway'
error: Requested operation is not valid: domain is not running

error: Failed to destroy domain 'Whonix-Workstation'
error: Requested operation is not valid: domain is not running

Domain 'Whonix-Gateway' has been undefined

Domain 'Whonix-Workstation' has been undefined

Network Whonix-External destroyed

Network Whonix-Internal destroyed

Network Whonix-External has been undefined

Network Whonix-Internal has been undefined

Next, run the script again to setup the VMs once again:


[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% ./script.sh

And then upon starting the VMs we see that they work as intended:

Inside this one whonix workstation is the only context where i consider sensitive use to be suitable, so make sure you don't do any other long-term sensitive activities (meaning you are storing sensitive data somewhere) outside of this VM, because you wouldn't be able to maintain deniability about it otherwise!

Setting up the Decoy Volume


-in the decoy volume we download files that make sense to be stored in an encrypted volume (adult content / pirated movies, etc) but it needs to NOT be sensitive.
-then we write script.sh

Now that we setup the hidden volume, we setup what we need in the decoy volume:

The decoy volume must contain files that meet the following criterias:

The files must make sense to be kept hidden in an encrypted volume
The files are not sensitive in nature (you're not going to be thrown in jail for it)
The files must be less than 200Gb

Keep in mind that this is the content that you would show the adversary if they were to seize your devices and force you to type a password. Therefore what you store in it absolutely needs to make sense to be stored in an encrypted volume.

And obviously, the total diskspace consumed by the decoy files need to be less than 250Gb, as otherwise you'd overwrite (and destroy) the veracrypt hidden volume in the process.

As we have covered previously, the usual content that makes sense to be kept in an encrypted volume can be something along the lines of adult content, downloaded movies, or similar:

So in here we put some decoy files that would make sense for an adversary to find in an encrypted container:

Then we write the following script.sh in there:


[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% vim script.sh             
[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% cat script.sh
#!/bin/bash

kill -9 $(pidof vlc)

[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% chmod +x script.sh

If ever asked to by an adversary, we'll basically pretend that this script is there to quickly kill the media player window in case if someone were to enter the room while you were watching that not-sensitive-but-private content.

And that's it ! We have now setup both the Hidden Volume with the whonix VMs in it for sensitive use, and the Decoy Volume containing the data we'd show the adversary if ever forced to.

Fine-tuning the emergency reboot script

For this next part, we're going to reuse the emergency reboot.sh bashscript that we showcased previously, so let's reboot the Host OS to be able to edit it outside of live mode since we want it to be a persistant change:

Reminder: once again, if you are outside of live mode like we are right now, DO NOT OPEN THE HIDDEN VOLUME, as otherwise you're leaving forensic evidence regarding it's existance on the system drive!


[user ~]% cat reboot.sh     
#!/bin/bash

/usr/bin/sudo /usr/sbin/reboot now

But we're going to refine it so that it does the following:

Turn off the screen display output (to prevent the adversary from seeing what is happening on the monitor)
Run the script.sh (that is either in the decoy or the hidden volume, depending on which one is currently opened)
Close the veracrypt volume (and anything that could block the closing of the volume, such as closing thunar)
Trigger the host OS reboot, (wiping the RAM in the process)

Which after tweaking it accordingly we end up with the following reboot script:


[user ~]% vim reboot.sh
[user ~]% cat reboot.sh
#!/bin/bash

# turn off display
xset dpms force off &

# run script.sh to kill vlc
/run/media/private/user/sda/script.sh

# kill all processes that could block veracrypt from closing
killall thunar
killall xfce4-terminal

# close the veracrypt volume using zulucrypt
sudo zuluCrypt-cli -q -d /dev/sda

# kill zuluCrypt after unmounting to make sure it doesnt block the reboot
killall zuluCrypt-gui

# reboot the host OS
/usr/bin/sudo /usr/sbin/reboot now

Even in a deniability setting, having this script sit in your home directory doesn't incriminate you either, because you can tell the adversary that this script is used to prevent someone else from seeing that you're watching the non-sensitive content (such as adult content) that is sitting in the encrypted volume. Still this is a plausible explanation that makes it look like you are cooperating to the adversary when you are being asked about that script in particular.

And as we showcased previously, we want this script to be executable with a single keystroke (using the right control key) so to make sure the shortcut is set, run this command:


xfconf-query -c xfce4-keyboard-shortcuts -n -t 'string' -p '/commands/custom/Control_R' -s /home/user/reboot.sh

Emergency Reboot Scenario


-the authorities are busting down your door, you see them coming
-you immediately press the right control key
-the computer immediately wipes all the ram contents and reboots
-as the computer is restarting, all forensic traces relating to the existance of the veracrypt hidden volume have been erased.

-the adversary pins you down and handcuffs you
-the adversary opens up the computer, dumps liquid nitrogen on the ramsticks, then takes them out to store them safely and takes out the harddrives (the system drive and the non-system harddrive)

As explained higher up in this tutorial, you're going to have to test your emergency reboot procedure a few times to make sure it works but also to get used to it, because when there's going to be a real emergency, you're going to need perform that emergency reboot procedure in a split second.

So let's showcase how to do it. First setup the context, booting from the Host OS in live mode:

Reminder: Now that we are back in live mode, you can open the veracrypt hidden volume once again!

Then open the veracrypt hidden volume:

and then run script.sh to setup the sensitive VMs:


[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% chmod +x ./script.sh

[user /run/media/private/user/sda]% ./script.sh 
Network Whonix-External defined from /run/media/private/user/sda/Whonix-External.xml

Network Whonix-Internal defined from /run/media/private/user/sda/Whonix-Internal.xml

Network Whonix-External marked as autostarted

Network Whonix-External started

Network Whonix-Internal marked as autostarted

Network Whonix-Internal started

Domain 'Whonix-Gateway' defined from /run/media/private/user/sda/Whonix-Gateway.xml

Domain 'Whonix-Workstation' defined from /run/media/private/user/sda/Whonix-Workstation.xml

And now that the sensitive VMs are listed in virt-manager, we open them:

This is your normal booting up routine when you want to do sensitive activities. Only from the host OS being in live mode, and from that VM alone.

Sidenote: if you never make a single opsec mistake, you won't ever have the cops busting down your front door, but you never know when you might slip up in the future. So you must always be ready for the worst when you are actually risking jailtime. Test yourself at random every few days. What if someone was busting down your door Right now ? Would you be able to reboot your computer in time ? Aim for a 100% success rate, because when the real time comes, it will all depend on your reactivity.

So now you have been doing your regular sensitive activities from that VM for the last 4 hours, and suddenly you hear your front door getting busted down, suppose the door is right next to you like in this video, you only have 5 seconds to correctly react and press the right ctrl key to be able to shut down the sensitive VM on time.

So your door is getting busted down, and before the 5 second limit you manage to correctly press that right ALT key to focus out of the sensitive VM, and then the right control key to trigger the reboot.sh script.

And then upon pressing it, it immediately turns off the monitor and as you are getting pinned down by the adversary, the script is automatically unmounting the veracrypt volume, and rebooting the computer as intended.

If the adversary is skilled enough, they'd attempt to open up the PC, put some liquid nitrogen on the RAM sticks, to try and freeze the content of the memory, but by the time they try to do that, the contents of the RAM would be long gone already if you managed to press the emergency reboot key in time.

Next, they seize the empty ramsticks, and the encrypted drives, they put you in handcuffs, put you in custody, while they inspect what they seized for incriminating evidence.

Emergency reboot Scenario: the Aftermath


Aftermath:
-the forensic team inspects the RAM contents and the disk contents:
-the RAM contents are empty: it only shows the typical contents of kicksecure booting and waiting for a password to unlock the system drive (since it rebooted successfully)
-the disk contents are encrypted: the adversary is forced to get the password from you to be able to unlock it
-the authorities get approval from the judge: you are now forced to give them the password to unlock your computer

from custody:
-the cops tell you the following: Either you give us your passwords to unlock your computer drives, or you're going to prison for a long time!

In this situation here are your options:

either you admit everything you did and get thrown in jail for however long the punishment is supposed to be. (if were playing late in china for example) : life sentence in concentration camps
either you refuse to give them the passwords and get thrown in jail for contempt of court (their reasoning: you lied that you forgot your password) : 6 months jailtime
Or you accept to give the password (which is the decoy password) to unlock the decoy volume (where there's nothing sensitive in there): you look good for the court, it looks like you have cooperated: 0 months jailtime

Of course you select the last option (since this is the point of implementing such a setup), you give them the decoy password, they find nothing in it, and now they are left with no evidence to incriminate you with.

If the adversary is not stupid, they should already have something to incriminate you with before actually busting down your door (because you slipped up somewhere along the way while you were doing sensitive activities), meaning that you are anyway going away for some time. It would be stupid to bust down people's doors without having any actual evidence, it would be like playing the lottery hoping to find gold while ruining someone's appartment.

It may seem far-fetched but you can't discard that eventuality since there have been many innocent streamers got swatted in the past (because of assholes that were falsely reporting bomb threats or gun shots just because they didn't like a streamer):

In those cases in particular, the authorities believe that they'll find a criminal behind the door that they're busting down, so they bust it down despite not having any evidence. And afterward they realize that the guy is innocent, and they release him.

Obviously here the context is different as you may actually have something to hide, but with that setup it remains impossible for the adversary to prove the existance of the hidden volume and the sensitive VM it contains. The strategy here is that you are limiting the bleeding as much as possible. The authorities may have evidence to put you in jail for 1 month, but if you don't properly stop the bleeding on time, they may find enough evidence for them to convict you for 20 years depending on the nature of the sensitive activity that you have been doing.

In the case of our showcased setup above, The authorities cannot incriminate you further because there's nothing more for them to find on your seized drives and ramsticks.

Sensitive use VMs Setup (Whonix VMs in a Veracrypt Hidden Volume) (April 2025 Update)

Deniability Requirements

Preparing the Host OS: Live Mode and the Reboot Shortcut

Preparing the non-system drive

Installing the Whonix VMs inside the Hidden Volume

Setting up the Decoy Volume

Fine-tuning the emergency reboot script

Emergency Reboot Scenario

Emergency reboot Scenario: the Aftermath

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